Dracaena (Dragon Tree): Planting, Growing, and Care

Botany and Description

The Dracaena belongs to the Asparagaceae family, although it was long classified among the Agavaceae. Its name comes from the Greek drakaina, meaning “female dragon”, in reference to the reddish resin that some species produce. Once called “dragon’s blood”, this substance was used in traditional medicine and as a natural dye. The Dracaena is best known by the common name “dragon tree”.

In its natural habitat, it is mainly found in tropical Africa, Madagascar, and Southeast Asia, growing in humid forests or semi-arid areas, depending on the species. The Dracaena is a hardy, slow-growing plant that can live for several decades indoors, gradually forming a thick and elegant trunk.

Among the most commonly cultivated species are the Dracaena marginata, recognisable by its long, slender leaves edged with red, and the Dracaena fragrans, also known as the “Madagascar dragon tree”, whose flowers emit a pleasant fragrance and whose broad green or variegated leaves resemble those of corn. The Dracaena compacta, more compact, stands out for its dense and structured foliage, while the Dracaena surculosa, more unique, features spotted leaves that give it a distinctive appearance. Some tree-like species, such as the Dracaena draco, iconic to the Canary Islands, can reach up to 12 metres in height in their native habitat.

The Dracaena is distinguished by its slender and graphic form, upright with a silhouette that gives it the appearance of a small palm tree. Its root system is shallow but dense, allowing it to anchor well in pots. The trunk, sometimes multiple, is generally thin and woody, marked by the scars left by fallen leaves. Some species develop branches, but most retain a vertical form with a tuft of foliage at the top. Some species, such as the Dracaena compacta, do not exceed 50 to 80 cm in height, making them perfect for small spaces. In contrast, the Dracaena fragrans or Dracaena marginata can reach 2 to 3 metres indoors, adding a beautiful vertical element to large rooms.

Dracaena fragrans, Dracaena marginata and Dracaena compacta

The foliage of the Dracaena is characterised by evergreen leaves, elongated and arranged in a rosette around upright or branched stems. They typically measure between 30 and 90 cm in length with a width ranging from 2 to 10 cm, depending on the species and growing conditions. Their shape is most often linear to lanceolate, with a tapered apex and smooth edges, sometimes slightly wavy. The texture of the blade is flexible to leathery, with a surface that can be glossy or matte, depending on the variety and light exposure. The foliage is often arched or drooping, giving the plant an elegant and airy silhouette.

The colour of the leaves ranges from deep green to light green, with possible shades of yellow, cream, or red, usually in the form of longitudinal stripes or coloured edges. The veins are parallel, subtle but visible. The petiole is short or absent, with the leaves directly attached to the stem, forming a dense crown at the top of the trunks. Over time, the lower leaves dry out and fall naturally, revealing smooth and ringed stems, characteristic of the Dracaena genus.

Flowering indoors is rare, but when it occurs, it manifests as small clusters of flowers, often white and slightly fragrant. In the wild, these flowers can give rise to small coloured berries, but indoors, fruiting is exceptionally rare.

The Dracaena is one of the air-purifying plants recognised by NASA, capable of absorbing toxins such as formaldehyde, benzene, and trichloroethylene present in indoor air.

The Dracaena surculosa offers a very unique variegated foliage

Main species and varieties

Planting the Dragon Tree

Where to place a dracaena?

The Dracaena is a frost-sensitive plant by nature, unable to withstand cold temperatures and frost. It thrives best in a warm environment, with a minimum temperature of 15°C, which is why it is mainly grown indoors in our latitudes. This tropical plant must be protected from cold drafts and sudden temperature changes. Place your dragon tree in a bright spot, but away from direct sunlight, which can scorch its leaves. It will appreciate indirect exposure near an east or west-facing window.

The Dracaena enjoys a moderately humid atmosphere, similar to the tropical forests it originates from. A stable temperature between 18 and 25°C will suit it perfectly, with relatively high ambient humidity to prevent its leaves from drying out at the edges.

Place the Dracaena in a bright spot but sheltered from direct sunlight.

When to plant it indoors?

The Dracaena can be planted indoors all year round, as it is protected from climatic variations. However, spring remains the ideal time for repotting or planting, as the plant benefits from the resumption of its growth to better adapt to its new environment.

How to plant a Dragon Tree in a pot?

The pot must have drainage holes to prevent water stagnation. In terms of size, choose a pot slightly larger than the root ball, with 2 to 3 cm of extra space to encourage root growth, as the Dracaena prefers to be slightly snug.

To ensure its proper development, the substrate should be light, well-draining, and rich in organic matter. Ideally, plant in a mix consisting of 70% houseplant compost and 30% coarse sand or perlite.

1. Place a layer of drainage (clay pebbles or gravel) at the bottom of the pot.
2. Fill with the compost and perlite mixture.
3. Place the Dracaena root ball, ensuring the crown is not buried.
4. Top up with substrate and lightly firm it down.
5. Water moderately and place the plant in a bright spot, away from direct sunlight.

Plant the Dracaena in a pot slightly larger than the size of the root ball.

How to Care for an Indoor Dracaena?

The Dracaena is a robust and low-maintenance plant, ideal for indoor spaces. With controlled watering, appropriate fertilisation, and a few simple precautions, it can thrive for many years while maintaining lush foliage.

When to water the Dracaena?

Watering the Dracaena should be moderate, as it dislikes excess water, which could cause root rot. During the growing season, from spring to autumn, watering every 7 to 10 days is usually sufficient. Allow the top layer of the soil to dry out before watering again. In winter, as the plant’s growth slows, watering should be even less frequent, every two to three weeks, depending on the ambient temperature and humidity. Use non-calcareous water at room temperature to prevent leaf yellowing.

Remember to water your Dracaena regularly

Fertilisation: which fertiliser and how often?

To maintain dense and healthy foliage, the Dracaena benefits from fertiliser during the growing season. A liquid fertiliser for green plants, rich in nitrogen, can be added to the watering every three to four weeks from spring to late summer. In autumn and winter, fertilisation is unnecessary, as the plant enters a dormant period.

Pruning and foliage care

The Dracaena does not require regular pruning, but occasional trimming can help control its growth and improve its appearance. Over time, some varieties like the Dracaena marginata or Dracaena fragrans can grow very tall and lose their lower leaves, giving them a bare look.

To rejuvenate the plant or encourage branching, you can cut the main stem in spring or early summer. Use clean, sharp secateurs to make the cut at the desired point, ideally just above a node. New shoots will appear within a few weeks from the base of the cut, giving the plant a bushier appearance. Yellowed or damaged leaves should be removed as needed to prevent the plant from wasting energy. They can be removed by hand or with clean scissors.

After pruning, it is important to maintain optimal conditions to encourage regrowth: good light, mild temperatures, and controlled watering.

Good to know: The cut stem can be propagated in a glass of water or directly in soil to grow a new plant.

Repotting the Dracaena

Repotting is necessary every two to three years, when the roots start to outgrow the pot or the soil becomes depleted. This is best done in spring, choosing a pot slightly larger than the previous one. Between repottings, a simple top-dressing (replacing the top layer of soil) can provide fresh nutrients to the plant.

Repot your Dracaena every two to three years

What are the diseases and pests of Dracaena?

The Dracaena is a resilient plant, but it can be susceptible to a few pests and diseases, especially when growing conditions are not ideal. Regular monitoring allows for quick intervention in case of any issues.

The most common pests

• Scale insects: These small pests, which look like white cottony balls or small brownish shields, attach themselves to stems and under leaves, sucking sap and weakening the plant. They can be removed by gently rubbing them with a cotton pad soaked in 70% alcohol or by spraying a diluted black soap solution.
• Spider mites: These tiny mites appear mainly in dry conditions, causing yellowing leaves and the formation of fine webs. An effective preventive measure is to regularly mist the foliage and increase ambient humidity. In case of infestation, treatment with black soap or nettle liquid fertiliser can be effective.
• Aphids: Although rare on Dracaena, these small green or black insects can sometimes colonise young shoots. A simple rinse under water or treatment with black soap can quickly eliminate them.

Common diseases and symptoms

• Root rot: This is caused by overwatering or poor drainage, leading to softened roots and generalised yellowing of the leaves. If the plant appears weak and the soil remains constantly wet, it is necessary to repot quickly into dry compost, cutting away affected roots.
• Yellowing leaves: A common sign that can be due to overwatering, lack of light, temperature shock, or depleted soil. If the base of the stem becomes soft, it is often a sign of advanced rot.
• Brown leaf tips: In an overly dry environment, especially in winter with heating, Dracaena leaves may develop brownish tips. To remedy this, simply increase humidity around the plant by misting with soft water and use non-calcareous water for watering (filtered or rainwater).

How to Propagate Dracaena? Dracaena, with its elegant foliage and easy-care nature, is a popular houseplant. Propagating it through cuttings is a simple and effective way to multiply your plants. Here's how to do it: 1. **Choose a Healthy Stem**: Select a healthy, mature stem from your Dracaena plant. Look for a stem that is free from pests and diseases. 2. **Prepare the Cutting**: Using a clean, sharp knife or pruning shears, cut a section of the stem about 10-15 cm long. Ensure the cutting has at least one node (the point where leaves attach to the stem). 3. **Let the Cutting Dry**: Place the cutting in a dry, shaded area for a few days to allow the cut end to callous over. This helps prevent rot when planted. 4. **Plant the Cutting**: Fill a pot with well-draining potting mix. Insert the calloused end of the cutting into the soil, ensuring the node is buried. Water lightly to settle the soil around the cutting. 5. **Provide Optimal Conditions**: Place the pot in a warm, bright location, but out of direct sunlight. Keep the soil slightly moist, but avoid overwatering. 6. **Wait for Roots to Develop**: In a few weeks, roots should begin to form. You can gently tug on the cutting to check for resistance, indicating root growth. 7. **Transplant if Necessary**: Once the cutting has established a good root system, you can transplant it into a larger pot or your garden. By following these steps, you can successfully propagate your Dracaena and enjoy more of these beautiful plants in your home or garden. Happy gardening!

Propagating Dracaena in water is a simple and effective method to obtain a new plant.

• Choose a healthy stem, at least 10 to 15 cm long, with several leaves. Cut the stem just below a node (the point where leaves grow), as this is where roots will form.
• Remove the lower leaves to prevent them from sitting in water, which could encourage rot. Keep only a few leaves at the top.
• Fill a glass or transparent vase with room-temperature water.
• Submerge the stem in water, ensuring at least one node is underwater, but without letting the leaves touch the water.
• Change the water every 4 to 5 days to prevent stagnation and bacterial growth. Always use non-calcareous water to avoid staining the leaves.
• Rooting can take 3 to 6 weeks, depending on the ambient temperature and humidity. When the roots are at least 5 cm long, the cutting is ready to be planted in soil.
• Once the roots are well-developed, prepare a pot with a well-draining mix (houseplant compost and perlite). Plant the cutting, lightly firm the soil, and water to help establish roots in the soil.

You can propagate Dracaena in water

Decoration Tips: How to Showcase a Dragon Tree? The Dragon Tree (Dracaena) is a striking houseplant that can add a touch of exotic elegance to any space. Here are some tips to help you make the most of this architectural beauty: 1. **Choose the Right Spot**: Place your Dragon Tree in a well-lit area, but avoid direct sunlight which can scorch its leaves. A bright corner or near a window with filtered light is ideal. 2. **Complementary Containers**: Select a pot that complements the plant's form and colour. A sleek, modern pot in neutral tones can enhance its sculptural quality, while a colourful or patterned pot can add a playful contrast. 3. **Grouping with Other Plants**: Create a lush, tropical vibe by grouping your Dragon Tree with other plants of varying heights and textures. This can create a mini indoor jungle effect. 4. **Use as a Focal Point**: Due to its height and striking appearance, the Dragon Tree works well as a focal point in a room. Place it in a prominent position where it can draw the eye and become a conversation piece. 5. **Lighting**: Highlight your Dragon Tree with strategic lighting. A spotlight or a nearby lamp can cast interesting shadows and emphasise its unique shape, especially in the evening. 6. **Minimalist Approach**: For a more minimalist look, keep the surrounding decor simple. A clean, uncluttered space will allow the Dragon Tree's natural beauty to stand out. 7. **Seasonal Decor**: During holidays or special occasions, you can decorate around your Dragon Tree with seasonal ornaments or lights to integrate it into your festive decor. By following these tips, you can ensure your Dragon Tree not only thrives but also becomes a stunning decorative element in your home.

The Dracaena is a tropical plant that can truly become a centrepiece in your home, seamlessly fitting into many styles thanks to its slender silhouette and graphic foliage. It adds a touch of greenery without overwhelming the decor. Varieties like the Dracaena marginata or the Dracaena fragrans are ideal for dressing up a workspace, a contemporary living room, or a bright entrance.

Which pot to choose for a Dracaena?

The pot plays a key role in showcasing the Dracaena. It should be both aesthetic and suited to the ambiance of your interior. Here are some inspirations:

• For a modern and minimalist style: A smooth ceramic pot with clean lines and neutral tones (white, black, grey, beige) will highlight its elegance without cluttering the space. A cylindrical or slightly conical design is particularly suitable.
• For a natural ambiance: Natural materials like raw terracotta, paired with soft or pastel colours, will create a calming and harmonious atmosphere. A textured stoneware pot can also enhance this natural vibe.
• For a bohemian ambiance: A wicker or rattan planter will enhance the exotic side of the Dracaena. Baskets made from natural fibres are also an interesting option to add a warm and authentic touch.

Peperomia, Dracaena, and Sanseveria cylindrica

How to showcase it?

• Place the Dracaena in a bright space, near a window, without direct sunlight.
• Play with height: a tall Dracaena will stand out when placed on the floor in an elegant planter, while a smaller model will find its place on a stool, shelf, or wooden stand.
• Create a jungle corner by pairing it with plants featuring contrasting foliage, such as a fern, pothos, or calathea. For a lush effect, combine it with trailing plants like ivy or varieties with broad leaves like the Monstera.
• Choose a stylish planter: in wicker or colourful ceramic, it will add the finishing touch to highlight its natural elegance.

Create a jungle vibe by pairing the Dracaena with other indoor plants like Monstera, Ficus elastica, or Zamioculcas