Dracaena (Dragon Tree): Planting, Growing and Care

Botany and description

Dracaena belongs to the Asparagaceae family, although it was long classified among the Agavaceae. Its name comes from the Greek drakaina, meaning “female dragon”, referring to the reddish resin that some species produce. Once called “dragon’s blood”, this substance was used in traditional medicine and as a natural dye. Dracaena is best known by the common name “dragon tree”.

In its natural habitat, it is found mainly in tropical Africa, Madagascar and Southeast Asia, growing in humid forests or semi-arid areas, depending on the species. Dracaena is a robust, slow-growing plant that can live for several decades indoors, gradually forming a thick and elegant trunk.

Among the most commonly cultivated species are Dracaena marginata, recognisable by its long, slender leaves edged with red, and Dracaena fragrans, also called “Madagascar dragon tree”, whose flowers emit a pleasant fragrance and whose broad green or variegated leaves resemble those of corn. The Dracaena compacta, more compact, stands out for its dense and structured foliage, while the Dracaena surculosa, more unusual, has spotted leaves that give it a unique appearance. Some arborescent species, such as the Dracaena draco, emblematic of the Canary Islands, can reach up to 12 metres in height in their native habitat.

Dracaena is distinguished by its slender and graphic habit, upright with a silhouette that gives it the appearance of a small palm tree. Its root system is shallow but dense, allowing it to anchor well in pots. The trunk, sometimes multiple, is generally slender and woody, marked by scars left by fallen leaves. Some species develop branching, but most retain an upright form with foliage in a tuft at the top. Some species, such as Dracaena compacta, do not exceed 50 to 80 cm in height, making them perfect for small spaces. In contrast, Dracaena fragrans or Dracaena marginata can reach 2 to 3 metres indoors, adding beautiful verticality to large rooms.

Dracaena fragrans, Dracaena marginata and Dracaena compacta

Dracaena foliage is characterised by evergreen leaves, elongated and arranged in a rosette around upright or branched stems. They generally measure between 30 and 90 cm in length with a width varying from 2 to 10 cm, depending on the species and growing conditions. Their shape is most often linear to lanceolate, with a tapered apex and smooth edges, sometimes slightly undulate. The lamina texture is flexible to leathery, with a surface that can be glossy or matte, depending on the variety and light exposure. The foliage is often arched or trailing, giving the plant an elegant and airy silhouette.

Leaf colour ranges from deep green to light green, with possible shades of yellow, cream or red, usually in the form of longitudinal striations or coloured edges. The veins are parallel, subtle but visible. The petiole is short or absent, with leaves attached directly to the stem, forming a dense crown at the top of the trunks. Over time, the lower leaves dry out and fall naturally, revealing smooth, ringed stems, characteristic of the Dracaena genus.

Flowering indoors is rare, but when it occurs, it manifests as small clusters of flowers, often white and slightly fragrant. In the wild, these flowers can give rise to small coloured berries, but indoors, fruiting is exceptionally rare.

Dracaena is one of the air-purifying plants recognised by NASA, capable of absorbing toxins such as formaldehyde, benzene and trichloroethylene present in indoor air.

The Dracaena surculosa offers very original variegated foliage

Main species and varieties

Planting the Dragon Tree

Where to place a dracaena?

The Dracaena is a frost-sensitive plant by nature, unable to withstand cold temperatures and frost. It thrives best in warm conditions, with a minimum temperature of 15°C, which is why it is mainly grown indoors in our climate. This tropical plant must be protected from cold draughts and sudden temperature changes. Place your dragon tree in a bright spot, but sheltered from direct sunlight, which can scorch its leaves. It will appreciate indirect light near an east or west-facing window.

The Dracaena enjoys moderately humid conditions, similar to the tropical forests it originates from. A stable temperature between 18 and 25°C will suit it perfectly, with relatively high ambient humidity to prevent its leaves from drying at the edges.

Place the Dracaena in a bright spot but sheltered from direct sunlight.

When to plant it indoors?

The Dracaena can be planted indoors all year round, as it is protected from climatic variations. However, spring remains the ideal time for repotting or planting, as the plant benefits from renewed growth to adapt better to its new environment.

How to plant a Dragon Tree in a pot?

The pot must have drainage holes to prevent waterlogging. In terms of size, choose a pot slightly larger than the root ball, with a 2 to 3 cm margin to encourage root growth, as the Dracaena prefers being slightly snug.

To ensure healthy development, the substrate should be light, well-draining, and rich in organic matter. Ideally, plant in a mix consisting of 70% houseplant compost and 30% coarse sand or perlite.

1. Place a drainage layer (clay pebbles or gravel) at the bottom of the pot.
2. Fill with the compost and perlite mixture.
3. Place the Dracaena’s root ball, ensuring the collar is not buried.
4. Top up with substrate and lightly firm down.
5. Water moderately and position the plant in a bright spot, away from direct sunlight.

Plant the Dracaena in a pot slightly larger than the root ball.

How to care for an indoor dracaena?

The Dracaena is a robust and easy-to-care-for plant, ideal for indoor spaces. With controlled watering, appropriate fertilisation and a few simple precautions, it can live for many years while maintaining lush foliage.

When to water the Dracaena?

Watering the Dracaena should be moderate, as it dislikes excess water, which could cause the roots to rot. During the growth period, from spring to autumn, watering every 7 to 10 days is generally sufficient. Wait until the surface of the substrate dries out before watering again. In winter, as the plant’s growth slows, watering should be even more spaced out, every two to three weeks, depending on the ambient temperature and humidity. Use non-calcareous water at room temperature to prevent yellowing of the leaves.

Remember to water your Dracaena regularly

Fertilisation: which fertiliser and how often?

To maintain dense and healthy foliage, the Dracaena benefits from fertiliser during the growing season. A liquid fertiliser for green plants, rich in nitrogen, can be added to the watering every three to four weeks, from spring to late summer. In autumn and winter, fertilising is unnecessary, as the plant enters a dormant period.

Pruning and foliage maintenance

The Dracaena does not require regular pruning, but occasional pruning can help control its growth and improve its appearance. Over time, some varieties like the Dracaena marginata or Dracaena fragrans can grow very tall and lose their leaves on the lower part of the trunk, giving them a bare look.

To rejuvenate the plant or stimulate branching, the main stem can be cut back in spring or early summer. The cut should be made with clean, sharp secateurs at the desired point, ideally just above a node. New shoots will appear within a few weeks from the base of the cut, giving the plant a bushier habit. Yellowed or damaged leaves should be removed as they appear to prevent the plant from wasting energy. They can be removed by hand or with clean scissors.

After pruning, it is important to maintain optimal conditions to encourage regrowth: good light, mild temperatures and controlled watering.

Good to know: The cut stem can be propagated in a glass of water or directly in soil to obtain a new plant.

Repotting the Dracaena

Repotting is necessary every two to three years, when the roots start to run out of space or the substrate becomes depleted. It should be done in spring, choosing a pot slightly larger than the previous one. Between repottings, a simple top-dressing (replacing the top layer of compost) may be enough to provide fresh nutrients to the plant.

Repot your Dracaena every two to three years

What are the diseases and parasitic pests of Dracaena?

The Dracaena is a resilient plant, but it can be susceptible to a few parasitic and diseases, especially when growing conditions are not ideal. Regular monitoring allows for quick intervention in case of problems.

The most common parasites

• Scale insects: These small parasitic in the form of white cottony balls or small brownish shields attach themselves to the stems and under the leaf, sucking the sap and weakening the plant. They can be removed by gently rubbing them with a cotton pad soaked in 70% alcohol, or by spraying a solution of diluted black soap.
• Red spider mites: These tiny mites appear mainly in dry conditions, causing yellowing of the leaf and the formation of fine webs. An effective preventive measure is to regularly mist with water on the foliage and increase ambient humidity. In case of infestation, treatment with black soap or nettle liquid fertiliser can be effective.
• Aphids: Although rare on Dracaenas, these small green or black insects may sometimes colonise young shoot. A simple rinse under water or treatment with black soap quickly eliminates them.

Common diseases and symptoms

• Root rot: It is caused by overwatering or insufficient drainage, leading to softening of the root and general yellowing of the leaf. If the plant appears weakened and the soil remains constantly wet, it is necessary to repot quickly in dry compost, cutting off affected root.
• Yellowing leaf: A frequent sign that may be due to overwatering, lack of light, thermal shock or depleted soil. If the base of the trunk becomes soft, it is often a sign of advanced rot.
• Brown leaf tips: In overly dry indoor environments, especially in winter with heating, the Dracaena’s leaf may develop brownish tips. To remedy this, simply humidify the air around the plant with a misting of soft water and prefer non-calcareous water for watering (filtered water or rainwater).

How to take a cutting from a Dracaena?

Propagation by cuttings of Dracaena in water is a single and effective method to obtain a new plant.

• Choose a healthy shoot, at least 10 to 15 cm long, with several leaves. Cut the shoot just below a node (the place where the leaves grow), as this is where the roots will form.
• Remove the lower leaves to prevent them from soaking in the water, which could encourage rot. Keep only a few leaves at the top.
• Fill a glass or transparent vase with water at room temperature.
• Submerge the shoot in water, ensuring at least one node is immersed, but without letting the leaves touch the water.
• Change the water every 4 to 5 days to avoid stagnation and the development of bacteria. Always use soft water to prevent stains on the leaves.
• Rooting may take 3 to 6 weeks, depending on the ambient temperature and humidity. When the roots are at least 5 cm long, the cutting is ready to be planted in soil.
• Once the roots are well developed, prepare a pot with a well-draining mix (houseplant compost and perlite). Plant the cutting, firm lightly, and water to help establish roots in the soil.

You can propagate Dracaena in water

Decorative touch: how to showcase a Dracaena?

The Dracaena is a tropical plant that can truly become a centrepiece in your home, fitting perfectly into many styles thanks to its slender habit and graphic leaf. It adds a touch of greenery without overwhelming the decor. Varieties like Dracaena marginata or Dracaena fragrans are ideal for dressing up a workspace, contemporary living room or bright hallway.

Which pot to choose for a Dracaena?

The pot plays a key role in showcasing the Dracaena. It should be both aesthetic and suited to your interior’s ambiance. Here are some inspirations:

• For a modern and minimalist style: A smooth ceramic pot with clean lines and neutral tones (white, black, grey, beige) will highlight its elegance without cluttering the space. A cylindrical or slightly conical model works particularly well.
• For a natural vibe: Natural materials like raw terracotta, paired with soft or pastel colours, will create a soothing and harmonious atmosphere. A textured stoneware pot can also enhance this natural feel.
• For a bohemian touch: A wicker or rattan planter will elevate the Dracaena’s exotic appeal. Baskets made from natural fibres are also an interesting option for adding warmth and authenticity.

Peperomia, Dracaena and Sanseveria cylindrica

How to showcase it?

• Place the Dracaena in a bright spot, near a window, without direct sunlight.
• Play with height: a tall Dracaena will stand out when placed on the floor in an elegant planter, while a smaller one will look great on a stool, shelf or wooden stand.
• Create a jungle corner by pairing it with plants featuring contrasting leaf, like a fern, pothos or calathea. For a lush effect, combine it with trailing plants like ivy or broad-leaf varieties like Monstera.
• Choose a stylish planter: in wicker or colourful ceramic, it will add the finishing touch to highlight its natural elegance.

Create a jungle vibe by pairing Dracaena with other houseplants like Monstera, Ficus elastica or Zamioculcas